Object (Another person, an event, activity)

                          The focal point perception

Awareness (Stimulus makes the individual aware of the object through

the use of 5 senses;         sight, touch, smell, taste, and hear)

Recognition (the object is recognized for what it is)

Interpretation (The meaning of the object is then interpreted)

Response (this includes change in behavior and attitude)

Adopted from; Gregory & Rick 1998 pp57, O.B,, Boston Houghton Maffin Publisher

Factors That Influence Perception (X-Tics)

Individuals can look at the same object and perceived it differently. A number of factors operate to shape and sometime distort the perception. Perception is influenced by the characteristics of the object (what is being perceived is the target), characteristics of the person (the perceiver) and the situation.

Characteristics and factors that affect perception

                                                       Situational X-tics

                                                            Selection

                                                             Stereotyping

                                                            Halo effect

                                                              Projection

 Characteristics of the object

Characteristics in the object that are being observed can affect what is being observed, such characteristics include:

 Contrast:

An outstanding object from its surrounding is more noticeable. Loud people are more likely to be noticed in a group more than quite people, soldiers avoid contrasting by camouflage and concealment, chameleon or a manage interviewing 20 women and one man will remember the man easily because of his contrast with the environment.

Intensity:

The more intense the external factor or object (colour, depth, and sound/loudness), the more likely it is to be perceived for instance, we tend to listen carefully to a person who is yelling or whispering because the intensity of the utterance is un usual.

Movement:

An object in motion is likely to be perceived more than a stationed object, we become aware of its surrounding for example a student moving out of a class.

Repetition:

Repetition can also increase on awareness. Everybody could recall the advert of Vicks Kingo, x-mas jingle bell during end of year festival. We can remember a repeated request by a subordinate more easily than if he or she had it once.

Novelty

Managers therefore have to spend a great deal of time and energy in shaping how people use their organizations, products and services e.g. BB soda, Alvaro.