When an individual looks at the target or object and attempts to interpret what he or she sees, the rules predation is heavily influenced by personal characters of the individual perceiver as follows:

Salience

This is the individuals telling how important the target or object is to him/her. The more salient the object is to you (perceiver), the more attention you are likely to pay to it. For instance, an article in newspaper say sports for sportsmen, politics for politicians an article about your University.

Disposition

A short term emotional response triggered by various environmental stimuli for instance, a manager blamed for poor or low performance that is in a lousy mood it realizes with short time that a subordinate has errors in his/her will perceive this to be poor performance and will not have any tolerance for that.

Attitude

These are long lasting teaching about things. Attitude influence our perceptions in dramatic ways for instance, our attitudes towards big classes as lectures varies.

Self concept

This is a person’s perception of himself/herself. A person who has a good self consept tends to see things in a positive and enriching light. A negative self concept on the other hand can give a personal perception’s unfavorable or limiting cast.

Personality

This is a set of distinctive traits and features that makes that person unique. Different personality traits can cause differences in the way individual recognize and interpret their surroundings. An extrovert for instance, may eagerly respond to a conversation while an introvert in contrast may be less interested in what people are talking about.

 Situational characteristics

This is context to which we see object or events as important elements in the surrounding environment being influenced by perceptions. This means that the same person in different situations. The major situational process includes;

Organization

This refers to our tendency to order on perception so that they fit logical, consistent systems of meaning. As we organize we often filter out stimuli that do not match with our view of reality. A manager who believes a particular subordinate is hardworking, conscientious and loyal. One day the manager notice the works goofing off, because this perception does not fit in to the managers’ image of the worker he may choose to see the behavior as well earned after hand work. This helps the employees to develop attitudes towards many features of working place like pay, benefits, their supervision, their co-workers, working conditions, promotion opportunities for organizational purposes.

Stereotyping

This is the process of categorizing people into groups on the basis of certain presumed traits or qualities, first we identify the categories by which we sort people (e.g. sex, race, region), we associate attributes we have decided of for instance, all secretaries are women. These affect us during recruitment.

The halo effect 

This influences our perception when we rely on a single characteristic override an assessment of individual and other characteristics.

Projection, 

This occurs when we see ourselves in another way or others. If we are aggressive, power hungry, we may rationalize these traits by telling on self that everyone else is the same and that to get ahead we must take of ourselves. It makes us become timid and fail to help a colleague who asks for a help for example, an immediate subordinate. The idea of you wants to take over.