مخطط الموضوع
- عام
عام
This course involves the study of the dynamics of human behavior from a life adjustment approach. It explores a study of personal and social adjustment in modern society. It analyses issues such as maturing self-concept, healthy interpersonal relationships, constructive management of emotion and stress and prevention of maladjustment.
The course deals with issues of adult psychology , it discuses some of the majoir characteirstics of adult learners emphasizing changes adults undergo
This course aims at exposing students to the scientific study of human behavior, satisfaction of needs and response to demands. Specifically; the course aims to enable students;-to explain the dynamics of human behaviors and to describe the ways of preventing maladjustment behaviors
By the end of the course unit, students should be able to:
i) Explain the major theories of psychological adjustment and various perceptions of how the self develops
ii) Demonstrate an understanding of the strategies that allow the self to positively cope with internal and external challenges
iii) Identify agents and factors that influence human behavior
iv) Describe the characteristics of healthy interpersonal relationships
1. Definition of Psychology of adjustment
2. Definition of key terms
3. Stress in the contemporary world
4. Coping and adjustment
5. Communication
6. Friendship and love
7. Theories
8. Alcohol and drug abuse
9. Relationships
10. Parenting
- Introduction, orientation and course overview (3CH)
Introduction, orientation and course overview (3CH)
Definition of key concepts
Psychology.
Adjustment in psychology is the behavioral process by which humans and their animals maintain equilibrium among their various needs or between their needs and their obstacles of their environments.
A sequence of adjustment begins when a need is felt and ends when it is satisfied.
Hungry people for example are stimulated by their physiological state to seek food.
When they eat, they reduce the stimulating condition that impelled them to be active and they are there by adjusted to this particular need.
In general, adjustment the adjustment process involves four parts
1. A need or motive in the form of a strong persistent stimulus
2. The thwarting or non-fulfillment of this need
3. Varied activity or exploratory behavior accopaidenied by problem solving
4. Some response that removes or reduces the initiating stimulus and completes the adjustment
5. Social and cultural adjustments are similar to physiological adjustment
Social and cultural adjustment is similar to physiological adjustments. People strive to be comfortable in their surroundings and to have their psychological needs (Such as love or affirmation). Meet through the social networks they inhabit. When needs arise especially in new or changed soundings, they impel interpersonal activity meant to satisfy those needs. In this way, people increase their familiarity. In this way, people increase their familiarity and comfort with the environments and they come to expect that their needs will be met in the future through their social networks.Cultural barriers
Cultural barriers are challenges to cross-cultural communication within an organization. When people from different cultures who might speak different languages, have different cultural beliefs or use different gestures and symbols to communicate, their cultural differences might become barriers to workplace success.
Cultural diversity is the quality of diverse or different cultures, as opposed to monoculture, the global monoculture, or a homogenization of cultures, akin to cultural evolution. The phrase cultural diversity can also refer to having different cultures respect each other's differences.
Cultural differences causes behavioral and personality differences like body language, gestures, mindsets, communication, manners, and norms, which may lead to miscommunication. Eye contact, for example, is very important in some cultures, but rude and disrespectful in others.
Commonality of human
The definition of commonality of human is about basic experiences, needs and aspirations that are integral parts of life and art occurring cross-culturally are included in this category. These human commonalities are frequently motivation and context for artistic activity as well as content of artwork.
Cross cultural conversation skills
Cross cultural communication is about all parties feeling comfortable. In any conversation with a non-native English speaker, people should be treated with respect. The leader should do their best to communicate clearly and give encouragement to people. This helps build their confidence and trust.
Psychology of adjustment is guided by the following principles
· Movement and Learning
· Emotional States.
· Physical Environment.
· Social Interaction and Competition.
· Motivation and Engagement.
· Commitment and Consistency.
· Critical Thinking and Memory Recall.
Coping as part of adjustment
Coping is an action directed at the resolution or mitigation of a problematic situation. There are a number of ways in which this may be attempted, and a number of ways of classifying coping strategies.
The appropriate copping strategies.
1. Ask for support from a friend or a professional.
2. Create a to-do list.
- Engage in problem-solving.
- Establish healthy boundaries (tell your friend you aren't going to spend time with her if she makes fun of you).
- Walk away (leave a situation that is causing you stress.
The Nature of Constructive Coping.
1. Constructive coping involves confronting problems directly.
2. Based on realistic appraisals of one’s stress and coping resources, one should always evaluate well.
3. It involves learning to recognize potentially destructive emotional reactions to stress
4. It involves learning to exert control over potentially habitual behaviors.
Appraisal-Focused Constructive Coping.
Appraisal-focused strategies are directed towards challenging your own assumptions and modifying the way you think. This may include distancing yourself from the problem or challenge, altering goals and values, or identifying the humor in the situation to bring a positive spin.
Problem-Focused Constructive Coping
Problem-focused coping targets the causes of stress in practical ways which tackles the problem or stressful situation that is causing stress, consequently directly reducing the stress. Problem focused strategies aim to remove or reduce the cause of the stressor, including: Problem-solving and Time-management.
Emotion-Focused Constructive Coping.
Emotion-focused coping focuses on regulating negative emotional reactions to stress such as anxiety, fear, sadness, and anger. This type of coping may be useful when a stressor is something that you cannot change.
Many people think mainly of solution-focused coping strategies as the best way to manage stress. Cutting out the things that seem to cause us stress means we don't need to learn how to alter our responses to any stressors—there will be none left in our lives.
Psychology and Physical Health
The psychology of physicals health is about mental health. The associations between mental and physical health are: Poor mental health, is a risk factor for chronic physical conditions. People with serious mental health conditions are at high risk of experiencing chronic physical conditions. People with chronic physical conditions are at risk of developing poor mental health.
Stress.
Stress is the feeling of being overwhelmed or unable to cope with mental or emotional pressure.
Mental stress is a form of stress that occurs because of how events in one's external or internal environment are perceived, resulting in the psychological experience of distress and anxiety (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). Mental stress is often accompanied by physiological responses.
Major causes of stress include.
· Being under lots of pressure.
· Facing big changes.
· Worrying about something.
· Not having much or any control over the outcome of a situation.
· Having responsibilities that you're finding overwhelming.
· Not having enough work, activities or change in your life.
· Headaches.
· Upset stomach, including diarrhea, constipation, and nausea.
· Aches, pains, and tense muscles.
· Chest pain and rapid heartbeat.
· Insomnia.
· Frequent colds and infections.
· Loss of sexual desire and/or ability.
· Illness, Habits, Lifestyles, and Health
Symptoms of stress.
Stress symptoms may be affecting your health, even though you might not realize it. You may think illness is to blame for that irritating headache, your frequent insomnia or your decreased productivity at work. But stress may actually be the cause. The critical symptoms include.
· Headache
· Muscle tension or pain
· Chest pain
· Fatigue
· Change in sex drive
· Stomach upset
· Sleep problems
· Restlessness
· Lack of motivation or focus
· Feeling overwhelmed
· Angry outbursts
· Social withdrawal
· Exercising less often.
· Low Energy
· Headaches
How to manage stress
If you have stress symptoms, taking steps to manage your stress can have many health benefits. Explore stress management strategies, such as:
· Getting regular physical activity
· Practicing relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing, meditation, yoga, tai chi or massage
· Keeping a sense of humor
· Spending time with family and friends
· Setting aside time for hobbies, such as reading a book or listening to music
Aim to find active ways to manage your stress. Inactive ways to manage stress — such as watching television, surfing the internet or playing video games — may seem relaxing, but they may increase your stress over the long term.
Friendship and Love.
Friendship is platonic love. It's a love that means you care for someone, they are important to you, and you are connected to them emotionally but you do not have romantic feelings for them. Depending on the type of friendship you have you may be physical with each other (hugs, cheek kisses).
Love means unconditional love, There are so many ways to apply love in our everyday life yet if we do not take care of our self, it is virtually impossible to feel and to share love with the world around us. It is virtually impossible to feel and share love with the world around us.
Tips on Sustaining Friendship and Love.
1. Greet each other when you come home.
2. Schedule a weekly check-in.
3. Don't forget to date your spouse
4. Share your daily highs and lows.
5. Find something you appreciate about your spouse every day.
· Abnormal Behavior: General Concepts,
· Anxiety Disorders and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
· Dissociative Disorders,
· Depression and Bipolar Disorder, Schizophrenic Disorders, Autism Spectrum Disorder.
· Elements of the Treatment Process, Insight Therapies, Behavior Therapies, Biomedical Therapies, Current Trends in Treatment.
Communication.
Communication refers to sending and receiving of information.
Health communication is the study and practice of communicating proportionally. Health information for example in public health complains, health education and between doctor and patient.
Accuracy, accurate information is necessary in order to avoid being judged or to avoid errors during communication for example doctor and client. Therefore it is always good to be organized.
Consistency, for example during counseling the counselors should be consistent in his words during the counseling process with his client. This builds confidence and trust between the two parties.
Availability, this means that the information should be available or accessible for a particular group for example during workshops in schools, guidance and counseling should be offered to students.
Evidence based for example during public political campaigns, politicians should fulfill their poise their supporters in order to build trust. Therefore one should promise what they can deliver.
Rebuild, the source of information communicated should be credible therefore your clients should be able to build trust.
Understanding your clients, one should be able to understand their clients.
Cultural competence, during communication for people with special issues, like the disabled, they need a well-trained individual who is competent in working with them.
Therefore they should promise what they can deliver
Factors that destroy Health Communication.
Cultural differences, this is where some people want to deal with specific religions and cultures for examplea christial doctor feeling more comfortable with clients of his religion.
Disabilities, this affects health commination in a way that some people do not want to deal with a particular audience with seriousdisabilitiesfor example those with disorders.
Type of communication, some people are naturally aggressive in their way of communication, hereforethis affects health communication it their clients who want to be talkedtoin a softway.
Communication objective, sometimes different patients like dealing with doctors who are friendly, caring social and supportive to them that.
Factors that can improve Health communication.
Scheduling regular meetings for clients or employees or specific audiences. Dealing with this helps sharing with them and understanding and working together
Prioritizing face to face communication, this helps in open exchange of information with the clients you are dealing with.
Implementing surveys this improves health communication through receiving feedback from a particular audience
Setting rules and regulations, this improves health communication in a way that protocols should be followed, for example dealing with students in their adolescents stages who seem to be stubborn.
Theories of adjustment in psychology.
These include;
1. Stage models
2. The Disability centrality model
3. ECOLOGICAL MODELS
4. Recurrent or integtatedmodel
5. Trasactionalmodel of coping theory
Personality is defined as the characteristic sets of behaviors, cognitions, and emotional patterns that evolve from biological and environmental factors. While there is no generally agreed upon definition of personality, most theories focus on motivation and psychological interactions with one's environment.
Theory of Self-Esteem is how you perceive your behavior, abilities, and unique characteristics. For example, beliefs such as "I am a good friend" or "I am a kind person" are part of an overall self-concept.
Self-Esteem,
In psychology, the term self-esteem is used to describe a person's overall subjective sense of personal worth or value. In other words, self-esteem may be defined as how much you appreciate and like yourself regardless of the circumstances. Your self-esteem is defined by many factors including: Self-confidence.
1. Identify and Challenge Your Negative Beliefs.
2. Identify the Positive About Yourself.
3. Build Positive Relationships—and Avoid Negative Ones.
4. Give Yourself a Break.
5. Become More Assertive and Learn to Say No.
6. Improve Your Physical Health.
7. Take On Challenges.
Self-perception theory provides a similar explanation for emotion by suggesting that people infer their emotions by observing their bodies and their behaviors. In other words, people's emotions and other feelings come from such actions as facial expressions, postures, level of arousal and behaviors.
Principles of Self Esteem.
· The importance of self-confidence in our lives cannot be overstated.
· Self-confidence redirects our life.
· Stop comparing yourself.
· Celebrate your uniqueness.
· Focus on the positives.
· See past failures as learning opportunities.
· Help someone else.
· Begin realizing a life goal.
Basic Principles of Self -Esteem
In everyday life, people observe other people's actions and behaviors and make inferences about others' attitudes based on what they observe. According to self-Esteem theory, when people are unsure of their own attitudes, one way to infer them is by looking at their behaviors.
Self Esteem simply means self-control and our ability to manage emotions, desires, and behaviors in order to reach a positive outcome.
It is important to recognize that self-esteem is not the same as self-regulation. The awareness piece is exactly that – simply recognizing the behavior or mood and labelling it for what it is. That's the self-regulation component, where we adjust ourselves accordingly, sometimes for the benefit of others.
Importance of Self –Esteem
· Self-Esteem gives us the ability to understand and manage your own behavior and reactions.
· Self- Esteem helps children and teenagers learn, behave well, get along with others and become independent.
· Self-Esteem begins to develop rapidly in the toddler and preschooler years.
· Self –Esteem also solidifies the content of learning. Self-regulation practices. imp
Signs to prove one is managing well.
Pay attention to how you feel.
· Plan ahead.
· Talk to the person who is pressuring, let him or her know how it feels. You feel and tell the person stop.
· Have a secret code to communicate with parents.
· Give an excuse.
· Have friends with similar values and beliefs.
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